Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (2025)

By Pablo Robles and Choe Sang-Hun

North Korea’s new wave of propaganda suggests that it has succeeded in miniaturizing its nuclear warheads and made its missiles easier to launch and harder to intercept. The claims — not fully corroborated — show the country is on a path that is worrying to its neighbors, and to the United States.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (1)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (2)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (3)

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (4)

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (5)

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (6)

New nuclear

warhead

Hwasan-31

Hwasan-31

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (7)

New nuclear

warhead

Hwasan-31

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (8)

New nuclear

warhead

Hwasan-31

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (9)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (10)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (11)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (12)

Hwasan-31

Nuclear

warhead

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (13)

Hwasan-31

Nuclear

warhead

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (14)

Hwasan-31

Nuclear

warhead

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (15)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (16)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (17)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (18)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (19)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (20)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (21)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (22)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (23)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (24)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (25)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (26)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (27)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (28)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (29)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (30)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (31)

KN-23

KN-24

KN-25

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (32)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (33)

KN-23

KN-24

KN-25

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (34)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (35)

KN-24

KN-25

KN-23

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (36)

KN-23

KN-24

KN-25

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (37)

Solid fuel

KN-23

KN-24

KN-25

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (38)

Solid fuel

KN-24

KN-25

KN-23

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (39)

Cruise

missile

Underwater

drone

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (40)

Cruise

missile

Underwater

drone

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (41)

Cruise

missile

Underwater

drone

This propaganda photo released by North Korea’s state media intends to send a clear message: The North has achieved multiple significant advancements for its nuclear arsenal while the world was looking elsewhere.

North Korea says this nuclear warhead is smaller than anything it has produced before. If it is real, it could potentially fit on missiles that could hit South Korea and Japan.

The warhead is also portrayed as being able to be mounted on a variety of missiles, as this poster shows, which could give North Korea more production options.

These new short-range ballistic missiles, which the small warhead is designed for, are hallmarks of the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un’s effort to modernize his missile fleet.

In a critical upgrade, North Korea uses solid fuel instead of liquid fuel to power the missiles, which makes them easier to transport, faster to launch and harder to intercept.

North Korea also claims a smaller warhead will give it new ways to carry out nuclear strikes — on a cruise missile, or on what it calls an “underwater nuclear drone.”

For decades, Washington, Seoul and their allies have tried both negotiations and sanctions to roll back North Korea’s nuclear ambitions and prevent technological advances like these.

Those efforts failed. The world is now seeing what comes next: a bigger, more dangerous nuclear arsenal that poses a greater threat to the United States and its allies in Northeast Asia.

It’s unclear whether or not the warheads in the photo were real. North Korea has a track record of showing mockups of weapons still under development for the sake of propaganda. Still, Mr. Kim has set bold goals for an arms buildup, pouring resources into weapons development.

There is no doubt that the North has achieved major upgrades to its arsenal, including solid-fuel ballistic missiles that can also make mid-air maneuvers. It is also developing cruise missiles, submarine-launched missiles and underwater drones that it says could be nuclear-armed. All these efforts are aimed at making its nuclear attacks more effective.

A failed military spy satellite launch on Wednesday is the latest demonstration of Mr. Kim’s dogged determination to expand the North’s military capabilities.

Smaller warheads that target regional adversaries

Since his failed diplomacy with President Donald J. Trump, Mr. Kim has urged his country to develop “nuclear weapons smaller, lighter and tactical” to target South Korea, Japan and U.S. military bases in the region. These short-range weapons do not threaten the continental United States, but they could boost Mr. Kim’s leverage against Washington by placing American allies under nuclear threat.

Although North Korea has conducted six underground nuclear tests, it has never been clear whether it has successfully developed smaller warheads. The photo released in March was the first concrete indication that it may have succeeded.

So far, North Korea has released photos of three nuclear devices, and the latest one — dubbed Hwasan-31, or “Volcano-31” — is by far the smallest.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (42)

March 2016

Disco ball-shaped nuclear device

Diameter

~50cm

(20 in)

Korean Central News Agency,

via European Pressphoto Agency

Goes

inside

September 2017

Thermonuclear or hydrogen bomb

MARCH 2023

New, small nuclear warhead

Diameter ~45cm

(18 in)

Korean Central News Agency,

via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (43)

March 2016

Diameter ~50cm (20 in)

NUCLEAR

WARHEAD

Disco ball-shaped

nuclear device

Goes

inside

Korean Central News Agency, via European Pressphoto Agency

September 2017

Thermonuclear

or hydrogen bomb

Korean Central News Agency, via Associated Press

MARCH 2023

Hwasan-31

Diameter ~45cm (18 in)

NUCLEAR

WARHEAD

New, small

nuclear warhead

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (44)

March 2016

September 2017

MARCH 2023

Thermonuclear

or hydrogen bomb

Disco ball-shaped

nuclear device

New, small

nuclear warhead

Korean Central News Agency, via

European Pressphoto Agency

Korean Central News Agency, via Associated Press

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Hwasan-31

Goes

inside

NUCLEAR

WARHEAD

NUCLEAR

WARHEAD

Diameter ~45cm (18 in)

Diameter ~50cm (20 in)

Sources: James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies; Institute for Science and International Security

Although these are propaganda photos, South Korea in February acknowledged, in a defense white paper, that the North had achieved “a significant level of miniaturization” in its nuclear weapons.

The dramatic shift took only a few years. Mr. Kim had suspended testing missiles and nuclear devices before his 2018 summit with Mr. Trump. He resumed missile tests in 2019 as the talks failed to bring about benefits he had sought, especially the easing of sanctions. Since then, North Korea has been testing short-range ballistic missiles that could serve as delivery systems for these small nuclear warheads at a fast clip.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (45)

Recent focus on

testing short-range missiles

Missiles tested since 2016

2016

2017

North Korea focused

on ICBM development

in 2017

NO MISSILES

LAUNCHED

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

In 2022, North Korea tested at least 52 short range missiles

2023

New solid-fuel

Hwasong-18 ICBM

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (46)

Recent focus on testing short-range missiles

Missiles tested since 2016

2016

North Korea focused

on ICBM development

in 2017

2017

NO MISSILES

LAUNCHED

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

In 2022, North Korea tested at least 52 short range missiles

New solid-fuel

Hwasong-18 ICBM

2023

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (47)

Recent focus on testing short-range missiles

Missiles tested since 2016

North Korea focused

on ICBM development

in 2017

2016

2017

NO MISSILES

LAUNCHED

2018

2019

2020

2021

New solid-fuel

Hwasong-18 ICBM

In 2022, North Korea tested at

least 52 short range missiles

2022

2023

Source: NTI/CNS and Japan Ministry of Defense. Note: Data as of May 31.

The resumption of missile tests featured three new short-range ballistic missiles, known to the outside world as KN-23, KN-24 and KN-25. They can be mounted with nuclear warheads and reach South Korea, Japan and U.S. military bases in the region in a matter of minutes. All these characteristics make them more dangerous.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (48)

Ranges of North Korea’s new

short-range missiles

RUSSIA

CHINA

KN-24

400km

(250 miles)

KN-25

380km

(235 miles)

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

JAPAN

KN-23

Up to 690km

(430 miles)

Major U.S.

military bases

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (49)

Ranges of North Korea’s new short-range missiles

RUSSIA

CHINA

KN-24

400km

(250 miles)

Seoul

KN-25

380km

(235 miles)

SOUTH

KOREA

JAPAN

Major U.S.

military bases

KN-23

Up to 690km

(430 miles)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (50)

Ranges of North Korea’s new short-range missiles

RUSSIA

CHINA

KN-25

380km

(235 miles)

KN-24

400km

(250 miles)

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

JAPAN

Major U.S.

military bases

KN-23

Up to 690km

(430 miles)

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (51)

Ranges of North Korea’s new short-range missiles

CHINA

RUSSIA

NORTH

KOREA

KN-25

380km

(235 miles)

KN-24

400km

(250 miles)

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

JAPAN

Major U.S.

military bases

KN-23

Up to 690km

(430 miles)

Source: NTI/CNS and US Department of Defense. Note: The estimated range is based on the distance from Kaesong, an area close to the Demilitarized Zone in North Korea.

Solid-fuel missiles that are harder to intercept

North Korea’s new series of short-range ballistic missiles are all powered by solid fuel. This makes them easier to hide and transport and faster to launch than older missiles that rely on liquid fuel, which is highly corrosive and unstable.

Compared to liquid-fuel missiles, which could take hours to load prior to launch, solid-fuel missiles can be quickly rolled out of mountain tunnels ready for launch in a short time. This and their shorter burn time make it harder to detect where the missiles are and when they would be launched, thus leaving less time for missile defense systems to react. Their mid-air maneuverability also makes it harder to shoot them down from the sky. It’s forcing the United States and its allies to spend billions of dollars to upgrade their defenses.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (52)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (53)

Scud-C

Liquid propellant

Takes time to load

before the launch

KN-23

Liquid fuel

Liquid

oxidizer

Igniter

Solid fuel

and oxidizer

Solid propellant

Quick to roll out

for the launch

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (54)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (55)

Liquid propellant

Scud-C

Takes time to load

before the launch

Liquid fuel

Liquid oxidizer

KN-23

Solid fuel and oxidizer

Igniter

Solid propellant

Quick to roll out for the launch

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (56)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (57)

Scud-C

Liquid propellant

Takes time to load

before the launch

Liquid fuel

Liquid oxidizer

KN-23

Combustion

chamber

Igniter

Solid fuel and oxidizer

Solid propellant

Combustion

chamber

Quick to roll out

for the launch

“Solid-propelled missiles have shorter burn time than liquid ones. This makes the window of detection, where infrared sensors could see the hot rocket motor working, smaller,” Dr. Markus Schiller, a rocket analyst from the German space technology consulting firm ST Analytics, said.

North Korea plans to retire its old Scud and Rodong liquid-fuel short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, replacing them with a new fleet of solid-fuel missiles, according to the South Korean Defense Ministry.

In December, the North tested a new high-thrust solid-fuel rocket engine, indicating that it is switching its longer-range missiles to solid fuel as well. On April 13, it tested its first solid-fuel ICBM, Hwasong-18, for the first time. Analysts warned that there would be more Hwasong-18 tests as the North tries to perfect the system.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (58)

Test of solid-fuel rocket engine. Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (59)

Test of solid-fuel ICBM, Hwasong-18. Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

New ways to launch nuclear attacks

Under Mr. Kim, North Korea has also tried to strengthen its military capabilities by developing different methods of launching nuclear attacks.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (60)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

SOUTH

KOREA

Seoul

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (61)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

YELLOW

SEA

Pyongyang

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (62)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (63)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (64)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (65)

CHINA

Launched

from vehicles

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

SOUTH

KOREA

Seoul

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (66)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (67)

CHINA

Launched

from vehicles

NORTH

KOREA

YELLOW

SEA

Pyongyang

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (68)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (69)

CHINA

Launched

from vehicles

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (70)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (71)

CHINA

Launched

from vehicles

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (72)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (73)

CHINA

Launched

from train cars

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

SOUTH

KOREA

Seoul

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (74)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (75)

CHINA

Launched

from train cars

NORTH

KOREA

YELLOW

SEA

Pyongyang

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (76)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (77)

CHINA

Launched

from train cars

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (78)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (79)

CHINA

Launched

from train cars

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (80)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (81)

CHINA

Underwater

launch

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

SOUTH

KOREA

Seoul

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (82)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (83)

CHINA

Underwater

launch

NORTH

KOREA

YELLOW

SEA

Pyongyang

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (84)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (85)

CHINA

Underwater

launch

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (86)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (87)

CHINA

Underwater

launch

NORTH

KOREA

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (88)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (89)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Possible

underground

launch

Pyongyang

SOUTH

KOREA

Seoul

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (90)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (91)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Possible

underground

launch

Pyongyang

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (92)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (93)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Possible

underground

launch

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (94)Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (95)

CHINA

NORTH

KOREA

Possible

underground

launch

Pyongyang

YELLOW

SEA

Seoul

SOUTH

KOREA

Since 2019, North Korea has launched missiles from locations scattered across the country. By doing so, it can increase its chances of avoiding an enemy’s missile-defense systems.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (96)

Korean Central News Agency, via Reuters

The missiles were launched from wheeled or tracked vehicles, the most common practice.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (97)

Korean Central News Agency, via Associated Press

They were also launched from train cars rolled out of mountain tunnels, indicating that the North is planning to use its numerous railway tunnels as hiding places for its missiles.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (98)

Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

North Korea says it is also building underwater nuclear weapons silos and launched a missile from under a lake in 2022.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (99)

Korean Central News Agency, via Reuters

The flame pattern from a launch on March 19 led some analysts to suspect that it may have been the North’s first test from an underground silo.

North Korea has also tested cruise missiles that it said were capable of delivering nuclear warheads. Cruise missiles are slower than ballistic missiles but they can fly at extremely low altitudes and can maneuver between mountains, making them harder to detect by radar.

In early April, the country claimed to have tested “underwater nuclear attack drones” capable of creating “super-scale radioactive tsunamis” to wipe out its enemies’ naval fleets and seaports.

Why North Korea’s Latest Nuclear Claims Are Raising Alarms (Published 2023) (100)

A photograph provided by North Korean state media showed what it said was a test of an underwater nuclear strategic attack weapon system. Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse

Since 2021, North Korea has tested missiles whose “hypersonic” gliding warheads it says can make mid-air jumps and corkscrew maneuvers.

By diversifying its methods of launching attacks, North Korea is making its nuclear arsenal a greater menace to the United States and its allies.

The remaining technical hurdles

Many of North Korea’s claims about its weapons capabilities, such as those concerning nuclear underwater drones and hypersonic missiles, are exaggerated, according to the South Korean military. Some of its new weapons, such as the Hwasong-18 ICBM, are still in developmental stages.

North Korea has so far launched all its ICBMs at deliberately steep angles, so that they flew extremely high into space but fell into waters between the North and Japan. It has yet to prove that its ICBMs can actually cover an intercontinental range. Another technological hurdle is the so-called re-entry technology. After soaring into space, an ICBM warhead must endure intense heat and friction as it crashes back into the earth's atmosphere toward its target.

In recent months, North Korea has issued a veiled threat to launch missiles over the Pacific — making the ocean its “shooting range” — to demonstrate that it has mastered re-entry technology and can fire an ICBM on a normal trajectory.

Satellites can help North Korea collect data from such long-range missile tests to improve its ICBM technology. Mr. Kim sees placing satellites into orbit as one of his top priorities, military experts say. The North launched a space vehicle carrying its first military reconnaissance satellite on Wednesday, but it was a failure. The country said it would attempt another launch in the near future after identifying and fixing problems with the rocket and its fuel.

“Although there is a gap between the North’s claims and our assessment, we cannot dismiss them,” Defense Minister Lee Jong-sup of South Korea said in April, referring to the North’s claim to have standardized a small and light nuclear warhead for its various missiles. If North Korea conducts another nuclear test, its seventh, it may be to show that its new and smaller Hwasan-31 nuclear warhead works.

“It will not be easy to say that the North has developed a small and light nuclear warhead until it successfully tests it,” Mr. Lee told South Korea’s legislature.

Correction:

June 3, 2023

A diagram in an earlier version of this article misstated the size of the disco ball-shaped nuclear device. The size is about 50 centimeters, not 67 centimeters.

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